Wiccan Sabbats Primer

 

By celebrating the Wheel of the Year, or the natural cycles of the Phases of the Sun, through Ritual, we can attune ourselves to Nature and the Divine that is inherent in all things. According to Dr. Margaret Murray’s The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, the word Sabbat probably originates from s’esbattre, meaning “to frolic”.

Samhain (sow-wun´)
October 31/November 1
also, Shadowfest (Strega), Martinmas (Celtic/Scottish)

DARK DOMINANT.  Mid-Autumn; Samhain, popularly known as Hallowe’en, is the Witches’ New Year.  It is said to be “the time when the veil between the Worlds is thinnest”, when souls that are leaving this physical plane, or the Tangible World, can cross over to the astral plane, or Summerland, and souls that are reincarnating can cross over to the Tangible World.  Darkness increases and the Goddess reigns as the Crone.

The God, the Dark Lord, passes into the Underworld to become the seed of his own rebirth, which will occur again at Yule. Witcans observe three festival Nights:  the Night of the Plants, the Night of the Animals and the Night of Remembering when we prepare a feast for the dead, leaving offerings of food and drink for our friends and relatives who have died and to the many spirits. Divination is heightened this night.  Jack-o-lanterns, gourds, cider, fall foliage can be used as altar decorations.

Yule (yool)
December 21
also, the Winter Solstice, Yuletide (Teutonic), Alban Arthan (Caledonii)

DEPTH OF DARK.  End of Autumn, Beginning of Winter. Yule coincides closely with the Christian Christmas celebration. That's because the early Church sought to win the allegiance of rural peasants (pagan means “one who lives in the country”) by placing its feast days on or around the time of existing pagan festivals. The Roman celebration of the birth of the sun God Mithras, for example, is observed on December 25.

Yule represents the rebirth of light. Here, on the longest night of the year, the Goddess gives birth to the Sun Childe and hope for new light is reborn. Yule is a time of awakening to new goals and leaving old regrets behind.  The Christian tradition of a Christmas tree has its origins in the pagan Yule celebration. Pagan families would bring a live tree into the home so the wood spirits would have a place to keep warm during the cold winter months. Bells were hung in the limbs so you could tell when a spirit was present.  Food and treats were hung on the branches for the spirits to eat and a five-pointed star, the pentagram, symbol of the five elements, was placed atop the tree.  The colors of the season, red and green, also are of pagan origin, as is the custom of exchanging gifts.

An Alban (the Albans are the Solstices and Equinoxes), Yule is celebrated by fire, which symbolizes the Sun, and the use of a Yule log. A  piece of the log is saved and kept throughout the year to protect the home. That piece is used to light the next year's log.

Imbolc (em´-olk)
February 1
also, Candlemas (Old English), Imbollgc Brigantia (Caledonii), Lupercus (Strega)

FIRST STIRRINGS OF LIGHT.  Mid-Winter. Imbolc involves celebrations of banishing the Winter and welcoming the Spring.  At the time of Imbolc, the newborn Sun God is seen as a small child nursing from his Mother.  At this phase of the cycle, winter is swept away and new beginnings are nurtured. Some Wiccan groups favor this time of year for initiations into the Craft.  It is traditional at Imbolc to light every lamp in the house for a few minutes in honor of the Sun's rebirth.

Ostara (oh-star’-ah)
March 21
Vernal (Spring) Equinox, Alban Eiler (Caledonii)

LIGHT AND DARK BALANCED, LIGHT GAINING.  End of Winter, Beginning of Spring. The Spring Equinox is the point of equilibrium - the balance is suspended just before spring bursts forth from winter.  The God and Goddess are young children at play and festivals include brightly colored eggs to represent the child within.  The Easter Bunny also is of pagan origin, as are baskets of flowers.  Traditionally, Ostara is a time for collecting wildflowers, walking in nature's beauty and cultivating herb gardens. This is the time to free yourself from anything in the past that is holding you back.

Beltaine (bel’-tane)
May 1
Mayday, Bealtinne (Caledonii), Festival of Tana (Strega), Walburga (Teutonic)

LIGHT DOMINANT.  Mid-Spring. Beltaine is the time of the sacred marriage which honors the fertility of the Earth; it represents the divine union of the Lord and Lady.  Celebrations include weaving a web of life around the Maypole and leaping the Beltaine fire for luck. Wiccan handfastings are common at this festival. This is a time of self-discovery, love, union and developing your potential for personal growth.

Litha (li‘-thah)
June 21
Summer Solstice, Midsummer(s)* (Old English), Alban Hefin (Caledonii)

HEIGHT OF LIGHT.  End of Spring, Beginning of Summer. The Summer Solstice, the longest day, is a time of triumph for the light. This Sabbat represents the Sun King in all His glory.  In Witcan celebrations, this is when the Oak King, who represents the waxing year, is triumphed over by the Holly King, who represents the waning year. The two are one: the Oak King is the growing youth while the Holly King is the mature man.

Healings and love magick are especially suitable at this time. Litha Eve is supposed to be a good time to commune with field and forest sprites and Faeries.

 

Take special note of the name "Midsummers" that many use for the Summer Solstice : It is a misnomer, that is, Litha marks the BEGINNING of Summer, not the middle. Lammas is the real mid-summer! 

 

Lammas (law‘-mus)
August 1
also,  Lughnassadh (loo’-naw-saw) (Celtic), Cornucopia (Strega), Thingtide (Teutonic)

FIRST STIRRINGS OF DARK.  Mid-summer. This is the celebration of the first fruits of the harvest. The Sun King, now Dark Lord, gives his energy to the crops to ensure life while the Mother prepares to give way to her aspect as the Crone.  Now is the time to teach what you have learned, to share the fruits of your achievements with the world.  Wheat weaving, such as the making of corn dollies, is traditional. Bread is baked and the altar is decorated with fruits and vegetables of the harvest.

A related festival is Lughnassadh, the Celtic festival in honor of the Sun God, which is held on August 7th.

Mabon (may ‘-bun)
September 21
Autumn Equinox, Winter Finding (Teutonic), Alban Elfed (Caledonii)

DARK AND LIGHT BALANCED, DARK GAINING.  End of Summer, Beginning of Autumn. At the Autumn Equinox, the days and nights are equal. It is a time of balance, but light gives way to increased darkness.  It is the second harvest, and the Goddess mourns her fallen consort, but the emphasis is on the message of rebirth that can be found in the harvest seeds. It is a good time to walk the forests, gathering dried plants for use as altar decorations or herbal magick.  Cornbread and cider are good additions to festivities and fall leaves make good altar decorations.